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Many other Scientologist-run businesses and organizations come from the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which certifies making use of Hubbard's management teachings, and flows directory sites of WISE-affiliated services. WISE requires those who wish to become Hubbard management consults to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the schools of the Hubbard College of Administration, which provides an Associate of Applied Science Degree.
This section requires growth. You can assist by contributing to it. In order to help with the ongoing expansion of Scientology, the Church has made efforts to win allies in the type of powerful or highly regarded individuals. Scientology. Though it has attained some credibility as a faith in many countries, Scientology has also been described as both a cult and a company.
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For instance, it has been kept in mind to participate in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by determining as Level playing field individuals it views as its enemies. In 1979, several Scientology members were founded guilty for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the largest theft of federal government documents in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise founded guilty of fraud, manslaughter and damaging witnesses in French cases, malicious libel versus legal representative Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religions in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner mentions that Scientology's "high level of presence" may be viewed as "threatening to established social institutions".
From 1952 up until 1966, Scientology was administered by a company called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS ACTUALLY), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was included in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the IRS removed all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, declaring Scientology's activities were commercial and run for the benefit of Hubbard. Controversy followed the church on those years, however its development continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology remained in 52 nations by the time the 80s was available in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church sued and lost repeatedly for 26 years attempting to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was ultimately settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than Internal Revenue Service had actually at first demandedand the IRS acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt nonprofit organization.
Scientology cites its tax exemption as evidence the United States government accepts it as a religion. In Look At This January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was rated as number 9 in items for the incoming Barack Obama administration to investigate, as figured out in a web poll run by the presidential shift group getting public input for the incoming administration.
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Ron Hubbard selected Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of certain elements of legal defense for the CoS in 1968 and the Office of The Guardian was created with its head office situated at Saint Hill Manor - Perth Scientology. Under The Guardian's Office (later on relabelled the Workplace of Unique Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One later arranged and devoted among the biggest penetration of United States federal agencies ever committed by an organization not connected with a foreign federal government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution explained their actions as such: The crime dedicated by these defendants is of a breadth and scope previously unheard of. No structure, workplace, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and prying. No person or company was devoid of their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has likewise you can look here in the past made usage of aggressive methods in addressing those it views as trying to suppress them, known as look at this web-site Suppressive Persons (SPs) initially detailed by Hubbard as part of a policy called level playing field. Perth Scientology. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having authored, a 1970 expositions book about the Church and its creator.
Using blank paper understood to have actually been dealt with by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb hazards in her name. When fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department started prosecution, which might have sent Cooper to jail for a lengthy term. The Church's plan was found at the very same time as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed.